编者按：“微光”讲习营是由深圳市人才工作局、深圳市人才研修院联合主办的公益性演讲活动，以“分享·连接·共创”为基本理念，聚焦深圳青创人才，讲述他们的奋斗故事，传递奋进精神，让人才个体的一束束微光逐渐汇聚，形成点亮城市的漫天星火。本期节目推出清华大学深圳国际研究生院环境与生态研究院副教授MatteoConvertino的演讲，主题是《BIODIVERSITY》。

MatteoConvertino 在“微光”讲习营的演讲视频。

【演讲全文正文】

I love biodiversity and among the whole world of biodiversity， this is the one that I love the most －－my son which is the union of two very different ecologies reflecting very different environments． I＇m an Italian， and my wife is a Japanese． So I constantly think that inside my son， there is a gene war． But most likely inside him， there are self－reinforcing interactions between the genes that improve him and also the people around him like his parents．

我热爱生物多样性。在全世界生物多样性样例中，有一个是我最爱的，那就是我的儿子。他是环境截然不同的两种个体生态的结合。我是意大利人，我妻子是日本人。我总会想，我儿子的体内存在着一场“基因战争”。但在他体内，极有可能存在基因之间的自我强化相互作用，这种作用在改善他和他身边的人，比如他的父母。

so what is really biodiversity？I believe it is the set of interactions between individuals of the same species or diverse species that improve not just the individual but the collective population．So what I am largely interested in is to understand how these interactions evolve over space and over time， and how the overall population is actually increasing its fitness and ecosystem health， which means ecology and environment together．

何为真正的生物多样性？我认为生物多样性是同一或不同物种个体间的一系列相互作用，不仅可提升个体，也可优化集体种群。所以我很感兴趣的是，了解这种相互作用如何随着时空推移而演变，以及整个种群如何提高自身适应度和生态系统健康，也就是生态与环境的协同。

Just to give you an example． This one is the Talawe wetland in Mumbai． And it’s not a coincidence that both the feathers of the flamingos and the water are pink． Actually， this is related to a well－balanced interaction between the ecology and the environment， from the small microalgae to the birds as well as water． This one is related to the fact that there is a biogeochemical bond in balance between the ecology and the environment， and we want to maintain that particular balance．

以孟买的湿地为例。火烈鸟的羽毛和湿地的水都呈粉色，这不是巧合。事实上，这与生态和环境之间平衡的相互作用有关，从小的微藻到鸟类再到水，都是如此。而生态——环境平衡中存在着生物地球化学纽带，我们需要维持这种特殊的平衡。

Now， what is really important is actually the shape of these interactions， shape that we can decode as a network． And this network in particular is called fractal， which is an optimal network， maximizing the communication between individuals with the minimum energy． So when individual BIRDS fly and for example they land into a tree， they aggregate， but also when they fly， they interact with each in order to maximize these interactions which we can generally call love bonds． Because everybody is actually increasing their mutual fitness． They can actually integrate as a network．

至关重要的是这些相互作用的形态，我们可以将其解码成一个网络。我们称这个网络为“分形网络”，即以最少能量最大化实现个体间沟通的最优网络。因此，当个别鸟类飞到一棵树上时，它们会聚集在一起。当它们飞行时，也会聚集，以最大化进行互动，我们称之为“爱的纽带”。因为每个个体实际上都在增进彼此的相互适应性，整体可以聚集成一个网络。

Network that can also be invisible． For example these bacteria in the ocean， they are very important． And the maintenance of their interactions is fundamental．For example， identifying areas that are healthy and areas that are unhealthy． In unhealthy oceans， we have large algal blooms． We have fish kills． We have large deaths of corals． And this is really related to the shape of the interactions primarily driven by bacteria，

bacteria that are also extremely important for sequestering carbon down into the ocean．

这个网络也可以是隐形的。例如，海洋中的这些细菌，维持它们之间的相互作用至关重要，因为它们能帮助我们分辨健康的区域和不健康的区域。在不健康的海洋里，有赤潮、大量死鱼和死亡的珊瑚。这都和由这种细菌驱动的相互作用形态密切相关。对于海底碳封存来说，这些细菌也尤为重要。

My inspiration， my first love was Venice， which is my hometown． And it＇s a classic example of how well people， species and environment come together into an ecosystem that is beautiful． And this beauty is not arising by chance． It’s actually related to these interactions between the ecology and the environment． That are positively reinforcing through centuries of evolution． And the natural environment is not only the environment that is beautiful， but also the built environment is reflecting this state of beauty and finding inspiration in nature． This set of windows which in Venetian is called polifora  is  actually reflecting fractal structures， like a fern， like a plant that we find in the Venice Lagoon．

我的灵感来源于我的“初恋”威尼斯，那是我的家乡。它是人类、物种和环境完美融合在美好生态系统中的典范。这种美并不是偶然产生的，而与生态和环境之间的相互作用有关。经过几个世纪的演化，这种美得到不断深化。不仅自然环境美，而且建筑也体现了这种美，建筑从大自然中获取灵感。这组窗户就是威尼斯人所说的polifora，体现了分形结构，和我们在威尼斯泻湖发现的蕨类植物很像。

And my second inspiration is actually coming from my grandfather who was a structural engineer． As I was once and after that I started to apply all these concepts to understand the structures of nature， and how we can engineer and preserve them．

我的第二个灵感来源是我的祖父。他是一名结构工程师。受他的影响，我一直在运用相关概念，来理解大自然的结构以及如何改善和保护大自然。

From the purplish skies of Venice， I came to the purplish skies of Shenzhen． And because I was attracted by this amazing biodiversity， people， species and the opportunities they create． So Shenzhen is extremely important not just because it＇s attractive， but also because it＇s the northern tip of what we call the blue carbon lung of the planet that has the highest marine biodiversity and the largest carbon sequestration in the ocean and coastal ecosystems while the green carbon lung is actually the Amazonian rainforest． And the interactions between these two areas are actually extremely important for regulating climate on Earth． That＇s another opportunity， another interest that I find extremely challenging while I am here．

我从紫色天空下的威尼斯来到了紫色天空下的深圳，因为我被这里令人惊叹的生物多样性、人和物种以及其创造的机会所吸引。之所以说深圳非常重要，不仅是因为深圳极具吸引力，也因为深圳在地球“蓝碳之肺”的北端，“蓝碳之肺”拥有最丰富的海洋生物多样性、最大的海洋固碳区和沿海生态系统。而“地球绿肺”指的是亚马逊雨林。这两个地区之间的相互作用，对调节地球气候极为重要。当我来到深圳我发现这是一个非常有挑战性的研究机会或者说研究兴趣。

（注：蓝碳之肺主要指珊瑚大三角，即印度尼西亚、菲律宾、巴布亚新几内亚和所罗门群岛之间呈三角形的水域。）

So leaving aside details to ecologists that know much more than me， I just want to show you some ecological marvels of Shenzhen． One of them is this bamboo viper which is nocturnal species that are actually increasing in terms of abundance due to rising temperature and also because of habitat fragmentation． So these self－reinforcing interactions between its own populations are not necessarily always positive， and can be driven by changes that we perform in our environment．

所以，我想把细节问题留给比我更渊博的生态学家，我只展示些深圳的生态奇观。其中之一是夜行动物竹叶青蛇。由于温度上升和栖息地的碎片化，其数量正在增加。因此，这些种群内自我强化的相互作用，不一定总是积极的，可以由我们在环境中所做的改变来推动。

The second one is an ecological marvel that is actually a freshwater crab that got trapped into the mountain through Earth evolution． And because of that， it＇s actually a great ecological indicator of climate change． And this crab is unfortunately decaying in abundance precisely because of the same habitat fragmentation that we are performing in our environment．

第二个生态奇观，实际上是因地球演变而被困在山里的淡水蟹。正因为如此，淡水蟹成了气候变化的一个重要生态指标。不幸的是，正是因为人类活动导致栖息地碎片化，这种螃蟹数量正在大量衰减。

Lastly， I think there are very unique species in the Greater Bay Area that are very interesting． One is the largest moth in the world， the other is the dugong which is a seacow responsible to maintain seagrass communities in coastal areas， corals in Dapeng， ferns on our mountains and coastal crabs． So we want to maintain this wonderful ecosystems that are actually the byproduct of interactions between very diverse species， and the balance between these species is actually very delicate． But I think we all agree that we want to maintain those types of ecosystems．

最后，我认为粤港澳大湾区的物种非常独特也很有趣，这里有世界上最大的飞蛾，有维护沿海地区海草群落的海牛，有大鹏的珊瑚，还有海蟹和山上的蕨类植物。我们需要维护这个美妙的生态系统，它是不同物种间相互作用的副产品。这些物种之间的平衡实际上是很脆弱的，但我认为我们都一致同意要维护此类生态系统。

Ecosystems that are also integrated into the shapes of some historical towns． And I cannot stop to think about Nantou or Dapeng as historical examples where nature was truly integrated into the city design not just as a collective set of buildings but also in terms of stylistic forms and colors． I believe that＇s what we should do．

这些生态系统也融入了一些历史悠久的小镇。我不禁想到了南头古城或大鹏所城。在那里，自然真正融入了城市设计之中，不仅体现在一系列建筑中，也体现在风格形式和颜色上。我认为这就是我们应该做的。

The question is how we do that． And I put this example as a pasta not just because I made it or because I＇m an Italian， but because it＇s actually a good prototype of how nature is built． If you consider the ingredients， some of them are actually associated to species as resources， such as fish， wheat， cauliflower， etc． All these ingredients come together in a very delicate way．

问题是我们如何做到这一点。我以意大利面为例说明，不仅是因为我做了这份面或者说我是意大利人，也是因为意大利面这个原型能很好地解释自然形成的原理。其中一些配料与不同的物种有关，比如鱼、小麦、花椰菜等等。所有这些配料以一种非常微妙的形式结合在一起。

And if we alter the balance of one species or one ingredient， the whole hand result can be disastrous． So we can actually move very easily from a wonderful pasta that is delicious to a very terrible pasta． And the same is true for our ecosystems where interactions of these ingredients or species are actually extremely important for the maintenance of stability and health of our ecosystems．

如果我们改变其中一个物种或一种配料的平衡配比，结果可能是灾难性的。所以，把美味的意大利面变成糟糕的意大利面是轻而易举的。我们的生态系统也是如此。这些配料或物种的相互作用，对于维持我们生态系统的稳定性和健康极为重要。

So through my work as a professor at Tsinghua and before coming here， what we＇re doing is actually mapping these ecosystem interactions worldwide． And we＇re trying to rewire those ecological corridors that have been broken．

从我任职清华大学教授的工作经历来看，我的团队正在做的工作，是绘制全球生态系统的交互图。我们团队正试图重新连接已经被破坏的生态走廊。

And we are doing that through a variety of different machine learning models that try to understand what the impacts are and what are the opportunities of reconnected protected areas． This one is the case of the American black bear in Minnesota where actually we reconnected these protection areas and improve the dispersal of this species which is also an implication for the maintenance of vegetation and carbon sequestration．

我们正在通过多种机器学习模型实现连接，以了解重新连接的保护区能带来何种影响和机会。以明尼苏达州的美洲黑熊为例。在这里，我们重新连接了这些美洲黑熊保护区，并优化了该物种的分布，这也促进了植被维护和碳封存。

So preliminary results are actually showing that just by maintaining30％ of all the terrestrial habitats as protected areas， we are actually able to improve carbon sequestration by70％ considering the current baseline，65％ of maintenance of water provisioning and about59％ of preserving all the species that are threatened or endangered． So preserving these ecological connections that most of the time are actually coinciding with the water pathways， such as river source streams is actually incredibly important．

根据初步结果显示，对比目前的基准线，只要将陆地栖息地作为保护区的覆盖率维持到30％，我们就能将将碳封存量提高到70％，维持供水量提高到60％，保护濒危物种数提高到59％。因此，保护这些在大多数情况下与水道重合的生态联系，如河源和溪流，是非常重要的。

And to zoom down in our neighborhood．This is actually MaiPo in HK， where we are currently trying to work with WWF in collaboration also with the Futian mangrove community， in order to understand how to improve freshwater flow．

缩小研究地区，以香港的米埔湿地公园为例。在这里，我们目前正在与世界野生动物基金会和福田区红树林管理机构合作，以了解如何改善淡水流量。

For example， by removing tidal barriers that separate the ocean from land that is actually increasing carbon sequestration． And the amount of carbon sequestration that is estimated to increase is actually equivalent to the emission every year of CO2 to what a forest4 times larger than Shenzhen can sequester， so a huge number． We are talking about the very small area， but just that this small area can cause dramatic consequences， at least if we look into the carbon budget every year．

例如，通过移除将海洋和陆地分开的挡潮堤，就能增加碳封存量。据估计，增加的碳封存量，相当于一个比深圳还要大4倍的森林每年所吸收的二氧化碳量。这个量很大。我们所说的还只是一块极小的区域，但如果我们看一看每年的碳预算，就知道这一小块区域就能带来令人吃惊的成果。

And last year， I was quite fortunate to be able to create this Blue Carbon economy start－up in which through a budget that is actually financing the sale of local fish from a local fish community to local people，we are restoring seagrass and macroalgal communities which is actually again enhancing both biodiversity as well carbon sequestration through these plant species in coastal communities． So before any restoration， I believe it is actually really important that we monitor the species in our ecosystems． We are currently doing that along the Dasha river． By collecting videos that are also provided by people like all of us， and through models， we＇re actually trying to infer the network that are synthesizing the collective behavior，t hat is the shape of these fish interactions in each habitat．

去年，我很有幸创立了蓝碳经济初创企业，通过企业预算为当地鱼类社区向当地居民出售鱼类提供资金。我们正在恢复海草和大型藻类群落，这实际上又一次提高了生物多样性以及通过这些植物物种在沿海群落中的碳封存量。在进行修复工作之前，我认为监控生态系统中的物种至关重要。目前，我们正在沿着大沙河，监测其生态系统中的物种。通过收集大家提供的视频，并通过计算模型进行分析，我们在试着推断出综合群体行为的网络，即每个栖息地中鱼类相互作用的形态。

And strikingly， this type of networks are largely associated to water quantity and water quality which can guide better water management strategies or pollution control． Preliminary results are actually showing that the Dasha river is ecologically fragmented despite being socially interconnected which is putting another emphasis on the needs of nature－based solutions where ecology is actually at the core．

很明显，这类网络在很大程度上跟水量和水质相关，可以更好地指导水资源管理和污染控制。初步结果显示，大沙河尽管在社会方面相互关联，其生态系统依然呈碎片化。这表明，我们有必要找到以生态为核心的、基于自然的解决方案。

Lastly， I want to show you something that I started to do probably5 years ago．We are realizing3D structures that are printed by biodegradable and bioactive materials． These structures are actually reflecting water networks， the fractal networks that I was talking about at the beginning．

最后，我想给大家看看我大概5年前开始做的项目。我们用可生物降解、具有生物活性的材料打印出了3D结构模型。这个结构反映了水流网络，也就是我开始讲的分形网络。

And we are deploying them on coastal ecosystems as well as coral reefs in order to enhance biodiversity as well as water flow． So the set of channels and the disposition of these tiles are actually improving biodiversity， from the microbes up to larger species． And this one is a way to engineer biodiversity in places that have been dramatically compromised．

目前我们在沿海生态系统和珊瑚礁配备这些结构模型，以增强生物多样性、改善水流。这些河道以及磁贴的布置优化了生物多样性，从微生物到大型物种均是如此。所以，这种方法可以在被严重破坏的地方设计重构生物多样性。

The question I have for all of us is can we be black swans in positive for ecosystem health？ And the answer is of course we want to be black swans in positive． And as much as Weiji suggest， even in moment of crisis， that can be an opportunity to restore the connection we may have lost between the ecology and the environment． And I was fortunate enough to be able to do that， so far．

我想问大家的问题是，我们能否成为促进生态系统健康的黑天鹅？答案当然是肯定的。正如“危机”的词义—有危险又有机会的时刻，所以即使在危险时刻，也可能有恢复生态和环境连接的机会。幸运的是，目前为止我能做到这一点。

Including here in Shenzhen， with the people that love nature， with my colleagues， because the primary secret ingredient is actually bonding with people． There is no single restoration that works without bonding with local communities． And so it is fine that we work with people with a variety of different knowledge， but collectively we must share the same mission which is for instance to save nature．

在深圳，我和大自然爱好者及我的同事们共事，恢复生态和环境之间的连接的奥秘是建立人与人的联系，所有的生态修复工作若没有与当地社区的紧密联系，是完不成的。与我们共事的人虽知识背景不一，但我们承担着同一使命，比如拯救大自然。

And these bonds will save nature， biodiversity for our children，grandchildren and future generations， the same bonds that I would like to have preserved for my son when he interacts with the small ducks， and when he interacts with very simple grass．

这种人际关系将为我们的子孙后代拯救大自然和生物多样性。当我的儿子与小鸭子甚至非常普通的小草互动时，我更想维持这种人际关系。

I think that we all must come together， because we are the primary species as ecosystem engineers that can have a huge impact into the environment because of our consciousness， because of our ability to feel and because of our impact．

我认为我们必须齐心协力。因为我们人类是主要的生态物种，也是生态系统工程师，还因为我们有意识、感知力和影响力，我们能对环境产生巨大影响。

We should really come together and embrace I think what I call the ecology of humanity， and the ecology of humanity is actually love．

我们应该齐心协力，拥抱“人文生态”。而这种人文生态实际上就是爱。

（图片来源于演讲者 ）